❶～（という手段・方法）によって, ～で
関連語with （～（という道具）で）
by car
♔基本by car
車で
⦣ by＋名詞. ×by a [the] car としない.
by train [subway, bicycle, bus, plane]
by train [subway, bicycle, bus, plane]
列車[地下鉄, 自転車, バス, 飛行機]で
by letter [telephone, telegram, e-mail]
by letter [telephone, e-mail, telegram]
手紙[電話, Eメール, 電報]で
leave by the 2:30 p.m. train
leave by the 2:30 p.m. train
午後2時30分発の列車で出発する
⦣ この場合「午後2時30分発の」と限定されるので the がつく.
send a message by fax
send a message by fax
ファックスでメッセージを送る
travel by sea [land]
travel by sea [land]
海上[陸上]を旅する
What time is it by your watch?
What time is it by your watch?
君の時計で何時ですか.
She earns her living by working part-time.
She earns her living by working part-time.
彼女はパートで働くことによって[働いて]生計を立てている.
⦣ 前置詞 by＋動名詞 working （働くこと）.
I caught him by the arm.
I caught him by the arm.
私は彼の腕うでをつかんだ.
⦣ catch A （人） by the B （体の部分）は「AのBをつかむ」.
❷～によって, ～による ⦣ 受け身の文で行為こういをする人[物]を表す.
a book (written) by Soseki
a book (written) by Soseki
漱石によって書かれた本
⦣ この過去分詞 written （書かれた）は book を修飾しゅうしょくする.
This picture was painted by her.
This picture was painted by her.
この絵は彼女によって描えがかれた.
⦣ ×by she としない.
This play was written by Shakespeare.
This play was written by Shakespeare.
この劇はシェークスピアによって書かれた.
The king was killed by his brother with poison.
The king was killed by his brother with poison.
王はその弟に毒殺された.
The house was destroyed by fire.
The house was destroyed by fire.
その家は火事で焼失しょうしつした.
❹差異～だけ; 単位～ぎめで
He is taller than me by an inch [a head].
He is taller than me by an inch [a head].
彼は私より1インチ[頭一つ]だけ背が高い.
The Giants won the game by 10 to 1.
The Giants won the game by 10 to 1.
ジャイアンツが10対1で試合に勝った.
We are already late by 5 minutes.
We are already late by 5 minutes.
私たちは既すでに5分遅おくれている.
You can hire a boat by the hour.
You can hire a boat by the hour.
君はボートを時間ぎめで[1時間いくらで]借りられます.
❺時間～までに(は), ～ころには
by this time
by this time
もうこの時間までには
by tomorrow
by tomorrow
明日までには
You must return the book by Friday.
You must return the book by Friday.
君はその本を金曜までに返さねばならない.
By this time tomorrow he will be in London.
By this time tomorrow he will be in London.
明日の今頃までには彼はロンドンに（着いて）いるでしょう.
There will probably be 10 billion people in the world by 2050.
There will probably be 10 billion people in the world by 2050 （読み方: twenty fifty）.
2050年までには世界の人口はおそらく100億に達しているだろう.
I will be here by 5 o'clock, so please wait for me till then.
関連語I will be here by 5 o'clock, so please wait for me till then.
私は5時までにはここに来ますからどうかその時までお待ちください.
✓POINT
by は「～までにある動作・状態が起こる・終わる」こと. till は「～までずっとある動作・状態が続く」こと.
